Week 4:Day 2 Hispanic Americans
I) Who is Hispanic
a.
U.S. in a recent census, used a different measure
of racial identity
i.
Proposed a change in how it is measured
b.
Who is considered Hispanic in U/S. today
i.
What role does race play in deciding who is
Hispanic
ii.
How do surveys incorporate different terms to
describe Hispanics
1.
Such as Latina or Latin x
c.
Hispanic population in 2022 now at 19% of the U.S.
population, roughly 63.7% increase from 2010 a new high
i.
Demonstrates shifting categories and revised
question wording
1. How we count Hispanics is who considers themselves as Hispanic
A. You are Hispanic if you say you areBut there are some exceptions -listed as non-Hispanc . Those who select the Other Hispanic category
2. Those who write Only non-
Hispanic,
such as Irish
ii. Starting in 2020, a small number who did not check the Hispanic box but
answered race questions that implied a Hispanic background (such as Mexican
or Argentinean) are now counted as Hispanic, even if they did not
check the Hispanic box
iii.
About 1% or fewer
i. How did Hispanics identify their race in 2020
1. About 27.0 million =two or more races
a. This is up from 3 million in 2010
i. Why the increase -several changes
1. Added space for written responses to the race question
2. Growing diversity racially among Hispanics
3. More than 25 million Hispanics responded as being two or more races in 2021 were coded
as some other race or one of the specific races in the previous census, such as black or white
ii. The growth of Hispanics comes primarily as those who identify as White and some other race
1. Grew from 1.6 million to 23.7 million between 2010 and 2021
2. Alternatively, those who identified as White an no other race declined from 26.7 to 10.2 million
2.
22.1 million some other race
3.
10.2 million as white
4.
1.4 million as American Indian/Alaska Native
5.
.9 million or 900,000as black
6.
And .3 million or 300,000 are Asian.
II)
Definition of Hispanic or Latino
a.
In 1976, congress defined Americans who identify
themselves as being of Spanish-speaking backgrounds, trace origins or descent
from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish-speaking countries
i. Includes 20 Spanish-speaking nations in lain America and Spain itself
1. But not Portugal or Portuguese-speaking Brazil
b.
In 2023, the OMB working group sought public feedback
on a proposal to combine race and ethnicity questions in federal surveys, including decennial census
i.
One checkbox was to ass Hispanic or Latino
ii.
Middle Eastern or North African
iii. Hoped these changes would reduce those who choose some other race category,
especially among Hispanics
iv.
Results expected to be available this summer
v.
Approved changes will be implemented in 2030
Census
III)
What is the difference between Hispanic and
Latino
a. Both are pan-ethnic terms describing people with ethnic backgrounds living in the U.S.
i.
Both terms are used interchangeably
b.
Some use terms as distinct differences
i.
Hispanics being from Spain or Spanish-speaking
countries in Latin America
ii.
Latinos people from Latin America, regardless of
language
1.
Therefore, would include those from Brazil where
Portuguese is the official language but not Spain or Portugal
iii.
But the terms are not universally accepted by
the population that it supposedly describes
1.
47 % of Hispanics describe their identity as
their family’s country of origin
2.
39% use either Latino or Hispanics
3.
14% describe themselves as American
iv.
Another set of research found 53% of Hispanics
prefer to be called Hispanic
1.
26% prefer Latino
a.
2% Latinx
b.
18 no preference
c.
Who uses Latinx
i.
Latinx pan-ethnic term emerged in recent years
as an alternative to either Hispanic or Latino
1.
Found in media, entertainment, corporations,
local governments, and universities
2.
Use is not common practice
a.
Many question the appropriateness of gendered
languages like Spanish
i.
It ignores the gendered forms of the Spanish
language
ii.
Others think Latinx is a gendered / LGBTQ-inclusive
term
iii. Some have proposed legislation to ban the term in governmental
communications.
b. Term not well known among the population that it is meant to describe
i. Only 23% of US adults self-identified as Hispanic or Latino have heard of
the term
1. Just 3% use it to describe themselves
2. More likely to be known by those 18 to 29 years old =42%
3. Only 7% of those 65 or older
4. Hispanic women are more likely than men (14% vs. 1%) to use the term
5. Part of the global movement to create gender-neutral nouns and pronouns
rather than traditional male or female terms
a. Latanx first appeared in English dictionary in 2018
b. Along with Latine -gender-neutral pan-ethnic label used primarily I
Spanish
d.
How do factors like language, last name, and
parental background impact whether someone is considered Hispanic
i.
71% of Hispanic adults said speaking Spanish is not
required to be considered Hispanic
ii.
84% said Spanish last name is not required
iii.
32% said
having two Hispanic parents is an essential part of what being Hispanic means
iv. These views may be viewed as time goes by, given the increasing number of Hispanics marrying non-Hispanics
1. In 2021, 30% of Hispanics married someone not Hispanic
a. This intermarriage rate is similar to Asians (32)
b. But higher than the rate for blacks =21%
c. And whites =14%
d. 40% of those born in the U.S. married non-Hispanic
i. Compared with 12% of immigrant’s newlyweds
e. Among all married Hispanics in 2021=21% married non-Hispanic spouse
f. 15% of Hispanic adults in 2015 had at least one parent who was not Hispanic
i.
29% of US. Born
ii.
48% among third and higher generations
v.
How does skin color impact on Hispanic identity
1. Latinos have different skin tones
a.
Latino respondents identify with a variety of
skin tones
i. 8 in 10 Lainos select one of the four lightest skin colors
1. And the second lightest common (28%)
2. Third is =21%
3. Fourth lightest colors =1&%
4. Only 3% chose or identified with the four darkest skin colors
5. 57% of Latino adults report that skin color shapes their daily life
experiences
6. Darker skin colors, they say, hurt Latinos’ ability to get ahead in the U.S.
7. 59% believe that lighter skin color helps Latinos get ahead
\2. Afro-Latinos
a. Afro-Latino identity distinct from and can exist
alongside Hispanic identity
b. Afro-Latino's life experiences shaped by race,
skin tone, and other factors
i.
Different from other Hispanics
ii. Most identify as Hispanic or Latino - But not all do
c. Makeup 25 of U/S. adult population,
i. 12 % of Adults Latino population
1. One in seven Afro -Latinos =800,000 do not identify as Hispanic
e.
Does Country of origin or ancestry affect
whether someone is Hispanic
i.
Hispanics can be of any country of origin or
ancestry
1.
But certain countries more like to identify as
Hispanic
a.
Immigrants from several countries in Latin
American call themselves Hispanic
i.
100% of Mexicans, Cubans, and El Salvadorians
ii.
97% of those from Venezuela
iii.
94% of those from Chile
iv.
94$ those from Spain
v.
92% of those from Argentina
vi. And 88% from Panama
2. What about Brazilian, Portuguese, Belizeans, and Filipinos
a. Brazilians are not considered Hispanic or Latino
i.
Not considered to be of Spanish culture or
origin
ii. Same for those from Belize, the Philippines, and Portugal
b. But in 2020, an error in how the Census Bureau processed data meant that 416,000 Brazilians (about 2/3rds of Brazilians in U.S.) described themselves as Hispanics or Latino
i. However, the Census Bureau corrected these, counting only 14,000 Brazilians as Hispanic in 2019 and 16,000 in 2021.
ii.
Similar problems were also identified among Belizeans, Filipinos, and other Caribbean citizens of non-Hispanic origins.
ii.
How many people with Hispanic ancestry do not
identify as Hispanic
1.
Of the 42.7 million adults with Hispanic
ancestry in 2015, about 5 million or 11% do not identify as Hipanic or Latino
and therefore not counted as such.
2. In 1980, the first attempt to count persons considered Hispanic
a.
The 1930 census asked who was Mexican as a race
category
b. The first major attempt to estimate the Hispanic
population came in 1970
i.
With concerns among Hispanic organizations about
being undercounted
ii.
Might be as many as 5% that are mistakenly
included in the Central or South American category
c.
Since 1980 to the present- based upon if the person
views themselves as Spanish, Hispanic or Latino
II) Who are you calling Latinx
I)
LatanX politicians include Elizabeth Warren,
Julian Castro, and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
a.
Common for universities and progressive circles
to use the term
b.
Fewer than 25% of people of Hispanic origins or
Latino use the term
i.
Only 3%
II)
Reflects what happens when people outside of the
group attempt to label them
a. It is important because it involves some 60 million or nearly 20% of the U.S. population.
III) Based on recent surveys, just 39% believe they share some values
a.
15% say just a little
b.
And 5% say they share almost nothing in common
IV)
Should we allow individuals to self-identify
a. Pew's poll found that most self-identify as Mexicans (or Mexican-Americans or Chicanos), Puerto Ricans (or Boricuas), Cubans, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Colombians, or other nationalities.
b.
Increasingly, many are also identifying as
Indigenous or black
V)
Forcing people to restrict their identity ignores that some are from or more continents with varied cultures,
traditions, ethnicities, social statuses, and even language
a.
Not just one common thing that binds them
VI)
They too have seen the discrimination in hosing,
employment, education, health care, justice and influence
a.
Latinx in some census is categorized as imply
white
i.
But this ignores the history of being classed as
brown consider the Mexicans or Afro-Cubans of today and the past
b.
Previous administrations – Johnson and Nixon
Administrations wer lobbied by coalition of activists, public officials and
media executives to chose a new category
i.
That category was Hispanic -with reference to Spanis Language
ii.
Such as the New York Puerto Ricans and New
exicans that can trace roots to Spanish conquistadores of 16th
century
1.
First time
Mexico, Puerto rican, Cuban Central and South American Other Spanish origin
appeared on census questionnaire
a.
9.1 million or 4.5 percent of the U.S
2.
By 1980 cmprised 6.4 percent of population.
iii.
Following years, group of TV stations -Univision
pagaged separate groups under this label as
1.
Spanish-language network first in the nation
came into being
2.
Viewed as a national market
3.
Univision both decisive and successful in
promoting idea of Hispanics
a.
Through soap operas, talk shows and newscasts
i.
And the advertisers and politicians followed suit
in trying to attract this new audience/identity
4.
By 1990 Hispanics as a term became criticized by
activists and multiculturalists
a.
Objected to reference to Spain
b.
And our countries colonial oppression in Latin
America
c.
Novelist Sander Cisneros in 1992 said:
i. To say Hispanic means you’re colonized you don’t even know for yourself or
someone who named you never bothered to ask what you
call yourself.
d.
The alternative was Latino
i. Emerged during the civil rights era
1. Revived and included as synonym of Hispanic in 2000 census
ii. Then in early 2000s a new term came into beingm, recognizing that Latino was gendered -male
1. Latina was suggested as a second term
2. Then alternatives Lain@ and Lino/a
a. And finally Latinx particularly in academia
i. Particularly popular after mass shooting at Pulse (LGBTQ night club in
Orlando) in 2916
ii. Adopted by Merriam-Webster in 2018 edition.
3. Many objected that the term bulldozed Spanish
a. Criticized by many
i. Some suggested that rather than the x, make it an e such as Latine.
4. Those who support it..see is as a generational response, a political reach
a. More diverse, embracing women, young people, LGTBQ, Afro-Latinos and etc.
i.
They are most likely to embrace it
ii. Seen as erasing the gender binary,
5. But such terms still ignore the complexity of existence, such as
a. Some who are also Jewish
b. Middle class
iii.
Latinx is a political term for this moment, just
like Hispanic ad Latino were in former times
III). 11 Facts about Hispanic Origin Groups in the U.S.
f.
Number of Mexican immigrants has fallen
i. More identifying as Dominican, Venezuelan, Guatemalan, Honduran, Salvadoran, or another Hispanic origin.
1)
Eight Hispanic origin groups had at least 1
million people living in the U.S. in 2021
a)
Five largest Hispanic populations
i)
Mexicans =37.2 million
ii)
Puerto Ricans 5.8
iii)
Salvadorans =2.5 million
iv)
Dominicans 2.4
v)
Cubans = 2.4
2)
Venezuelans, Dominicans and Guatemalans fast
growing Hispanic origins groups
a)
Venezuelans increased 169% from 240,000 to
640,000.
b)
Dominicans and Guatemalan's next fastest growth
rates at 60% ach
c)
Mexicans, the largest Hispanic group, has the
slowest growth race, at 13%
i)
Yet they increased more than any other group, going 4.3 million increase between 2010 and 2021
ii) The next group was Puerto Ricans, which increased by 1.1. million
iii)
Dominicans =910,000
iv)
Guatemalans =660m000
v)
And Salvadorans 660,000.
d) 3) Share of Hispanics in the U.S. speaking English has increased e) 72pecent of U.S. Hispanics 5 and older speak English at home or spoke English well, up from 65% in 2010
i)
91% of US. Born Hispanics are fluent in English
4) The share of the Hispanic population is declining; it was 37 % in 2010, and now 32.
5)
The vast majority of Hispanics are U.S. citizens
=81% of Hispanics living in the country
a) Virtually all Puerto Ricans and Spaniards (95%). Panamanians (90%), Cubans 82, Mexicans 81%
i) Hondurans and Venezuelans, at 51 percent, have some of the lowest rates.
6)
Most Hispanic Immigrants have lived in U.S. for at
least a decade
a)
4 in five or 78 percent more than 19 years
i)
Panaminians 87%
ii)
Mexicans 86%
iii)
But Venezuelians immigrants (62%( an Hondurans
(48%) lease likelty
7) The Hispanic population varies across various
metropolitan areas
a)
Mexicans make up the greaest share of hispanics
=60%
b)
Midwest, West, and South metro areas have the largest
Hispanic populations and tend to be predominantly Mexican
i)
Notable exceptions: Miami (primarily Cubans) and Orlando (primarily Puerto Ricans)
ii)
They comprise three-quarters of the Hispanics in
Chicago
iii)
Lost Angeles they comprise 75%
iv)
Houston Mexicans comprise 71% of population.
8) The U.S. Hispanic population aging but still younger
than the U.S . population overall
a)
Median age in 2010 was 26.3, now it is 29.5
b) The U.S. population median age is 37.8
9)
Share of U.S. Hispanic adults with bachelor’s
degrees growing
a)
One in five Hispanics 25 and older have ba or
higher
(1)
Overall population this is 38%
(2) In 2010, Hispanic adults only had 13% with ba or higher.
(3)
Heist Hispanics with a bachelor’s or more were
(a)
Venezuelans (57%) and Argentines (46%)
(b)
Guatemalans (11%) and Salvadorans (13%) were some
of the lowest.
10) Household
incomes vary widely
a)
Median household income for all Hispanics was
$59,000 below the U.S. median of 67,800
i) The highest is among Argentines, with a median income
of 80k
ii)
Lowest Hondurans and Dominicans with 50K
11) Homeownership
rates rising
a)
Went from 47% to 51% between 2010 and 2021
i) Still below the U.S., which was 65% in both years.
ii)
Spaniards (62%) an
iii)
Argentines (62%) had the highest homeownership
rates in 2021
(1)
Lowest were Dominicans and Hondurans, both at 31%
homeownership.
Comments
Post a Comment